Multiple technologies combined for carbon-free future
Multiple powertrain technologies and infrastructures will coexist, with a mix of battery electric, fuel cell, and biofuel-powered internal combustion engine vehicles.
Compared to business as usual. Extrapolation of present-day situation with no decisive CO2 reduction action taken.
1 Net cash cost, including savings from system and vehicle levers ( EUR bn).
2 Cumulative reduction in percent (metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent) Average across China, Germany, USA and Sweden from 2017 to 2050.
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22 May 2018
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22 May 2018
Late start for fuel cell electric vehicles
Because fuel cell vehicles will be more expensive, substantial growth is expected to be later than for battery electric vehicles. By 2050, they could constitute 60 percent of the total heavy vehicle fleet with the remainder battery electric vehicles. -
22 May 2018
Biofuels are the best near-term choice
Biofuels used in internal combustion engines are the best near-term choice to begin reducing CO2 emissions. However, in the long run battery electric vehicles will constitute the majority. Based on maximum possible use of globally available biofuel supply, biofuels-based combustion engines can power one-fifth of vehicles in 2050.
